• Users Online: 703
  • Home
  • Print this page
  • Email this page
Home About us Editorial board Search Ahead of print Current issue Archives Submit article Instructions Subscribe Contacts Login 


 
 Table of Contents  
REVIEW ARTICLE
Year : 2021  |  Volume : 9  |  Issue : 2  |  Page : 47-52

Homeodynamic bio-oscillations and the conscious self


Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Florida, USA

Date of Submission29-May-2021
Date of Acceptance21-Oct-2021
Date of Web Publication30-Oct-2021

Correspondence Address:
Prof. Vinod D Deshmukh
3600 Rustic LN, Jacksonville, Florida
USA
Login to access the Email id

Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/ijoyppp.ijoyppp_13_21

Rights and Permissions
  Abstract 


The observable bio-phenomenal events are oscillatory. Bio-oscillations are ubiquitous in nature including many in human beings. Homeodynamic Bio-Oscillations (HBOs) are correlated with both biophysical and psychological processes. They can be mechanical, chemical, electrical, and magnetic. In fact, there is a certain specificity between the HBO energy patterns and the correlated human behavior experience. With the same understanding and the current scientific evidence, one can be aware of, not only one's objective behaviors, but also one's subjective feelings and experiences, both conscious and subconscious. Behaviors are highly dependent on the presence of appropriate HBOs in the living organisms and their surroundings. Our verbal and cognitive communications involve bio-frequencies and energies of 10 Hz to 20,000 Hz. Many large animals such as whales, elephants, rhinoceroses, giraffes, and alligators communicate by infrasonic signals (<20 Hz) at long distances up to several miles. Finally, it is proposed that our objective as well as subjective experiences of self and surroundings are highly correlated with the underlying complex and HBO energy and activity patterns. We are what we are now in existence. There is an intrinsic unity or wholeness in ourselves and the natural world that we are in. We are an integral part of existence. Nirvana, Samadhi, Turiya, and Transcendence are the actual states of self-actualization of this truth. The well-established human HBOs and the correlated behaviors – experiences are listed. The characteristic features of human consciousness, self, and Nirvana are listed.

Keywords: Bio-oscillations, consciousness, homeodynamics, infrasound, Nirvana, Samadhi, self, transcendence, Turiya


How to cite this article:
Deshmukh VD. Homeodynamic bio-oscillations and the conscious self. Int J Yoga - Philosop Psychol Parapsychol 2021;9:47-52

How to cite this URL:
Deshmukh VD. Homeodynamic bio-oscillations and the conscious self. Int J Yoga - Philosop Psychol Parapsychol [serial online] 2021 [cited 2024 Mar 19];9:47-52. Available from: https://www.ijoyppp.org/text.asp?2021/9/2/47/329693




  Introduction Top


Homeodynamic Bio-Oscillations (HBOs) are universal. Homeodynamic (not homeostatic) means a bio-system change and then returns to a stable state recurrently. This is a fundamental feature of all bio-systems. HBOs are pervasive in all life-forms including us and our natural surroundings. Bio-Oscillation is the variation, typically in time, of some measured parameters as seen, for example, in a swinging pendulum. Oscillatio in Latin means swinging. Oscillations occur not only in the physical systems, but also in all biological systems.

The five essential factors involved in the bio-oscillatory homeodynamics are: (1) negative feedback, (2) positive feedback, (3) phase-time delay, (4) nonlinear dynamic autoregulation, and (5) random background fluctuations or noise.[1] A pair of coupled bio-oscillators, when out of phase, can create an elliptical phase-space-time field. Such an elliptical oscillatory field (BOF) is a common motif in biology. It is seen in embryos, developmental forms, organisms, swarms, flocks, schools of fish, and ecosystems. The natural reality manifests in many homeodynamic patterns including the elliptical galaxies and cosmos. One wonders whether the Whole Cosmic Ellipse is, in fact, a bistable homeodynamic oscillatory system of light and dark matter-energy with Life-forms in it!

The human HBO energy field is experienced by each of us individually. The conscious self can periodically experience it preconsciously, subconsciously, or unconsciously. The human sleep-wake cycle and many other physiological processes are constituted of HBO systems including the HBO activity and the circadian cycles. Most of the human behaviors and experiences are correlated with certain HBO activity. Many of these well-established correlations of human physiology are listed in [Table 1]. The seven 'A's of the aspects of human consciousness, the seven 'S's of human self, and the seven 'C's of Nirvana, Samadhi, Turiya, and transcendence are listed in [Table 2].
Table 1: Human homeodynamic bio-oscillatory spectrum

Click here to view
Table 2: Consciousness, self, and Nirvana

Click here to view



  Homeodynamic Bio-Oscillations and Behavior-Experience Top


Recently, Allison Hanson made a bold hypothetical proposal about the importance of Spontaneous Electrical Low-Frequency Oscillations (SELFOs).[2] These SELFOs, typically of 0.01–0.1 Hz, have been found throughout the living world including in Hydra, plants, fungi, protozoa, bacteria, and the human brain's default mode network (DMN), even during the resting mental state, the spontaneous thought, episodic memory, mind-wandering, and self-related processing. Similar cerebral cortical oscillations have been found in chimpanzees, macaques, sheep, baboons, pigs, dogs, cats, rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, hamsters, gerbils, mice, and bats. SELFOs are proposed as the fundamental feature of all living systems and they may serve as the electrical organism organizer during embryogenesis, development, growth, and regeneration.

Michael Levin has done considerable foundational research on the role of ions like Na, K, H, and Ca, in embryonic development, growth, and the nervous system functions.[3] The authors summarize their findings as “Ion channels play fundamental second-to-second roles in maintaining appropriate ion gradients and membrane potentials for all cells, enabling rapid signaling in excitable cells and standing patterns of voltage in nonexcitable tissues. Recent work has revealed that ion channels play critical roles in the development of excitable and nonexcitable cells and organs, neural degeneration, disease, and tissue remodeling/cellular regeneration.”

The brain's resting state, DMN, is functional not only at the cerebral cortical level, but also at the brainstem level. Recent functional MRI analysis in 154 healthy participants revealed that the dopaminergic midbrain centers and the serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus are functionally integrated with the cortical DMN, whereas the remaining serotonergic raphe nuclei and the noradrenergic locus coeruleus nucleus are functionally integrated with the executive-control network (ECN).[4]

There is a reciprocal relationship between the DMN and ECN networks. In general, the rest-activity states in all life-forms are oscillatory. The basic rest-activity cycle was described in human sleep-wake research.[5] There is an oscillatory complementarity between the circadian and the homeodynamic bio-processes.[6] The concept of homeodynamics was proposed and explained as follows. “Biological systems are homeodynamic because intracellular processes through their dynamic self-organization may exhibit not only monotonic states, but also a capacity for bistable switching threshold phenomena, waves, gradients, mutual entrainment, and periodic as well as chaotic behavior.”[7] The Two-Process Model of circadian and homeodynamic processes, in sleep-wake states, is the currently accepted model. It also applies to many other human physiological processes.

In order to understand the human brain, behavior, and experience, it is essential to study the evolutionary history of all life-forms and to appreciate how complex functional structures emerged from simpler bio-systems. An excellent review of such a phylogenetic perspective has been published.[8] The evolution of complex functional networks emerges from the basic life-forms such as sponges, fishes, reptiles, birds, marsupials, rodents, chimpanzees, and humans. The behavioral history extends from the brainstem tectal approach or avoid responses to the cerebral cortical exploit or explore behaviors. There may be a limit to the growth of the primate brain and its cognitive capacity. “It will be argued that at a brain size of about 3500 cm3, corresponding to a brain volume two to three times that of modern man, the brain seems to reach its maximum processing capacity. The larger the brain grows beyond this critical size, the less efficient it will become, thus limiting any improvement in cognitive power.”[9]

Continuous natural speech was studied with EEG and MEG in thirty volunteers.[10] Midbrain auditory frequency-following responses were observed at around 100–300 Hz. The auditory cortical responses were correlated with the 80–100 Hz envelopes of the midbrain carrier frequency at a latency of 40 ms.

The aerodynamics of normal phonation of vowels a, i, and u, and their performance before and after Bhramari Pranayama were studied in 26 female participants between the ages of 20–25 years.[11] The average fundamental speech frequency F0 improved from 211.27 Hz to 217.32 Hz and the voice pitch improved from 223.01 Hz to 253.25 Hz after Bhramari Pranayama. Bhramari Pranayama is a well-established Yoga technique for interrupting the wandering mental activity and generating a relaxation response, mental poise, and calmness.

Infrasound is the sound of frequencies <20 Hz. It is an interesting phenomenon with a long complex history.[12] Many large animals communicate in the infrasound range including whales, elephants, hippopotamuses, rhinoceroses, giraffes, okapis, peacocks, and alligators. Human vocalists can produce notes of infrasound. In ideal conditions, humans can detect infrasound of 12 Hz. Such spontaneous continuous background sounds have been described as the sound of inner silence, Anāhata Nada, Sound of Avalokiteshvara and Brahma-Nada.[13]


  Homeodynamic Bio-Oscillatory Conscious Self and Nirvana Top


The conscious self, Nirvana, Samadhi, Turiya, and Transcendence are hard to define. However, by meta-awareness, which is awareness of conscious contents, all of us have an intrinsic capacity to experience these states. Nirvana, Samadhi, Turiya, and Transcendence have been documented as true human states for millennia. In [Table 2], I have listed some of the key features of these three terms as the seven 'A's of consciousness, the seven 'S's of self, and the seven 'C's of Nirvana.

The conscious self cannot be defined objectively because it is a personal subjectively felt experience. Each one of us knows what one is intrinsically, but it is an ineffable nonspecific experience. Many neuroscientists and philosophers have tried to objectify it, but finally it was described as the hard problem of consciousness. Many leading researchers have taken a variety of approaches to overcome this obstacle.

Our self-description has gone through many phrases and phases. Some of the famous phrases are: “I think therefore I am.” (Descartes); “I feel therefore I am.” (Panksepp); “I predict therefore I am.” (Seth); “I am conscious therefore I am.” (Marks), and “I am what I am now.” (Deshmukh). I have a homeodynamic feeling of my own existence, therefore I am. This primal feeling of self-existence is fundamental to all living organisms. That is the basis of the survival instinct.

Jaak Panksepp made the statement, “I feel therefore I am,” in 1998.[14] He also coined the term SELF, which stands for Simple Ego-type Life Form – “a coherent center of gravity for internal visceral-affective and external sensory-motor representations. The problem of the human “soul”– reflecting our ineffable feeling that each of us is unique “I”– has a tortuous history.”[15] He suggested to make a differentiation between the primary process of affective consciousness and the secondary and tertiary process of cognitive consciousness.

David Marks proposed, “I am conscious, therefore, I am.” He elaborated, “Organisms are adapted to each other and the environment because there is an inbuilt striving toward security, stability, and equilibrium. A General Theory of Behavior connects imagery, affect, and action with the central executive system we call consciousness, a direct emergent property of cerebral activity. The General Theory is founded on the assumption that the primary motivation of all of consciousness and intentional behavior is psychological homeostasis. Psychological homeostasis is as important to the organization of mind and behavior as physiological homeostasis is to the organization of bodily systems… Consciousness is the “I am” control center for integration and regulation of (my) thoughts, (my) feelings, and (my) actions with (my) conscious mental imagery as foundation stones.”[16]

Anil Seth made the statement, “I predict therefore I am” in his lecture on “Neuroscience of Consciousness” to the Royal Institute.[17] I used the phrase, “I am what I am now” in one of my poems, titled, Now and Beyond.[18]

Feinberg and Mallatt proposed an interesting solution to the emergence of consciousness based on the evolution of complex systems. They stated, “we use some ideas of complex system theory to trace the emergent features of life and then of complex brains through three progressive stages or levels: Level 1 (life), Level 2 (nervous systems), and Level 3 (special neurobiological features), each representing increasing biological and neurobiological complexity and ultimately, leading to the emergence of phenomenal consciousness, all in physical systems.”[19]

Mark Solms proposed a free energy principle model of consciousness. He summarized it as “the free energy principle to the hard problem of consciousness. After clarifying some philosophical issues concerning functionalism, it identifies the elemental form of consciousness as affect and locates its physiological mechanism in the upper brainstem. This mechanism is then formalized in terms of free energy minimization where decreases and increases in expected uncertainty are felt as pleasure and unpleasure, respectively. Emphasis is placed on the reasons why such existential imperatives feel like something to and for an organism.”[20]

Since the publication of a book, The Feeling of Life Itself by Christof Koch, the words, Sentience and Panpsychism, have been more frequently used in the neuroscience and quantum physics literature.[21] Koch defined consciousness as (direct) experience. He further elaborated experience as structured; it is informative, integrated, and definite; it has a point of view, and it occurs in time. “Any one experience takes place at a particular moment, the present now…Panpsychism is unitary…Consciousness is an intrinsic, fundamental aspect of reality…It is the irreducible Whole that forms my conscious experience, not the underlying neurons.”

In quantum physics, some bold ideas were proposed. For instance, the idea that the omnipresent background of the zero point field (ZPF) interacts with the HBOs of living organisms including us. “high level cognitive processes involving consciousness employ a universal mechanism by means of which they access and modulate an omnipresent background field that is identified with the ZPF specified by stochastic electrodynamics, a branch of physics that deals with the universal principles underlying quantum systems. In addition to its known physical properties and memory capacities, the ZPF is hypothesized to be an immanently sentient medium.”[22]

Another article talked about Cosmopsychism.[23] The authors suggested a “ubiquitous field of consciousness (UFC).” Here is their quote: “In this article, we address these questions using a novel variant of Cosmopsychism, a holistic form of panpsychism relying on the central idea that the universe is imbued with a UFC. This field is understood as a foundational dual-aspect component of the cosmos, the extrinsic appearance of which is physical in nature and the intrinsic manifestation of which is phenomenological in nature.”

The Global Neuronal Workspace (GNW) hypothesis was reviewed recently.[24] It was proposed that “in the conscious state, a non-linear network ignition associated with recurrent processing amplifies and sustains a neural representation, allowing the corresponding information to be globally accessed by local processors.” The central core of GNW receives input from (a) the perceptual systems (present), (b) long-term memory (past), (c) evaluative systems (value), and (d) the attentional systems (focus). The central output is by (e) the motor systems (future).

The Sphere Model of Consciousness (SMC) was the latest addition to the many theories and models of human conscious self.[25] Here is their summary: “The SMC delineates a sphere-shaped matrix that aims to describe subjective experiences using geometric coordinates, in accordance with a neurophenomenological perspective. According to the SMC, an experience of overcoming the habitual self and the conditioning of memories could be placed at the center of the matrix, which can then be called the Place of Pre-Existence (PPE). The PPE is causally associated with self-determination. In this context, we suggest that silence could be considered an intentional inner environment enabling self-perception to focus on the “here and now,” which in turn improves perception of one's own body in space.”


  Nirvana, Samadhi, Turiya, and Transcendence Top


The Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy and Religion defined Nirvana as “the state of liberation or illumination, characterized by the merging of the individual, transitory “I” in Brahman. Nirvana frees one from (experience of) suffering, (fear of) death, and (hope of) rebirth, and all other worldly bonds. It is the highest, transcendent consciousness, referred to in Bhagavad-Gita as Brahman-Nirvana, in the Upanishads as Turiya, in Yoga as Nirbija Samadhi, and in Vedanta as Nirvikalpa Samadhi.”[26]

Recently, I have reviewed Vedic Psychology and the Neurophilosophy of Meditation.[27],[28] The body–mind complex model has been extended to the body–mind–self (atman) model for explaining the process of holistic wellbeing or eudaimonia.[29] The Yogic concept of Prana as the underlying energy was well reviewed by Nagendra in his recent editorial. Briefly, “Prana, therefore, is like the underlying electricity which lightens all the light with different shapes and colors.”[30]

Travis proposed that consciousness is primary. He concluded his review article as: “consciousness as a field of pure consciousness exists entirely by itself and does not depend on anything else for its existence. This model is not just philosophy but includes a meditation technique, Transcendental Meditation, to directly experience pure consciousness. This field model of consciousness (1) provides an answer to the “hard problem” of how the brain produces consciousness, (2) delineates higher states of consciousness that substantially extend the end point of human development, and (3) gives a new basis for rehabilitation.[31] I would add that this field of pure consciousness is the primordial feeling of self-existence in all living beings, as I am, I exist. One cannot deny one's existence. One has to exist, even to deny it. Turiya, the fourth state of holistic consciousness, the state of nondual awareness, and the state consciousness without content, have been documented recently.[32],[33],[34]

The bridge between bio-oscillatory fields and Nirvana

The intuitive insight into the potential bridge between the BOFs and Nirvana is unpredictable, as it cannot be entirely voluntary or intentional. One has to prepare oneself for this radical change to happen through utter vigilance and self-discipline. Technically, it is a nonlinear, homeodynamic self-transformation. One has to undergo a nondual self-integration to actualize its truth, which is Nirvana.

All living beings including us process and manage both conscious and subconscious information from within oneself and from the surroundings. One becomes conscious of the processed information as a result of the subject–object interaction. Otherwise, the information remains preconscious, subconscious, or unconscious. In view of the uncertainty principle, the unknown is infinite. As conscious beings, we try to sculp out the known from the Unknown, both individually and collectively. Our collective knowledge and experience accumulate in the form of our human culture including all of our sciences and arts.

The management of information can be intentional, reactive, or spontaneous. All human activity or behavior is emotionally charged. The intentional management of information gives us a sense of being an agent, a manager, or an ego. The reactive management is usually in response to a sensory stimulus like a perceived object, a person, an image, or a word. The spontaneous information processing is subconscious, egoless, and instantaneous. There are many examples of a sudden insight into one's intrinsic nature. In the Zen literature, it has been described as Satori or Kensho, which means the sudden awakening, when there is no distinction between the knower and the known or the observer and the observed.

For Nirvana to happen, the conscious self has to be mentally present, still, silent, serene, spontaneous, calm, composed, content, and blissful. All of these exceptional personal qualities have to come together for such a unique insightful moment of absolute self-integration. When it does happen, it is Nirvana!



On letting go of the limiting mental superimpositions (mental preoccupations, wanderings, and the egoistic self-perspective), the sage becomes one with Vishnu, the all-pervasive One without (second and without) any residue (Vishnu: the personified all-pervasive Deity, the self-organizing Life principle symbolizing the Universal energy), as water merges in Water, formed space in existential Space, and the individual light (of awareness) in the whole field of Light, (The Cosmic Self-Sentient Energy-Matter).[35]

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.



 
  References Top

1.
Cao Y, Lopatkin A, You L. Elements of biological oscillations in time and space. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2016;23:1030-4.  Back to cited text no. 1
    
2.
Hanson A. Spontaneous electrical low-frequency oscillations: A possible role in Hydra and all living systems. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021;376:20190763.  Back to cited text no. 2
    
3.
Levin M, Ribera AB. Editorial: Interplay between ion channels, the nervous system, and embryonic development. Front Mol Neurosci 2021;14:618815.  Back to cited text no. 3
    
4.
Bär KJ, de la Cruz F, Schumann A, Koehler S, Sauer H, Critchley H, et al. Functional connectivity and network analysis of midbrain and brainstem nuclei. Neuroimage 2016;134:53-63.  Back to cited text no. 4
    
5.
Kleitman N. Basic rest-activity cycle – 22 years later. Sleep 1982;5:311-7.  Back to cited text no. 5
    
6.
Blessing W, Ootsuka Y. Timing of activities of daily life is jaggy: How episodic ultradian changes in body and brain temperature are integrated into this process. Temperature 2016;3:371-83.  Back to cited text no. 6
    
7.
Lloyd D, Aon MA, Cortassa S. Why homeodynamics, not homeostasis? ScientificWorldJournal 2001;1:133-45.  Back to cited text no. 7
    
8.
Cisek P. Resynthesizing behavior through phylogenetic refinement. Atten Percept Psychophys 2019;81:2265-87.  Back to cited text no. 8
    
9.
Hofman MA. Evolution of the human brain: When bigger is better. Front Neuroanat 2014;8:15.  Back to cited text no. 9
    
10.
Kulasingham JP, Brodbeck C, Presacco A, Kuchinsky SE, Anderson S, Simon JZ. High gamma cortical processing of continuous speech in younger and older listeners. Neuroimage 2020;222:117291.  Back to cited text no. 10
    
11.
Manjunatha U, Bhat JS, Radish KB, Bajaj G, Shruthi P, Nayak PS, et al. Effect of Bhramari Pranayama on the Acoustic and Aerodynamic Parameters of Voice in Normophonic Females. Hindawi Evid Based Complement Altern Med 2018;2018:4176803.  Back to cited text no. 11
    
12.
Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrasound. [Last accessed on 2021 Oct 19].  Back to cited text no. 12
    
13.
Deshmukh VD. The Astonishing Brain and Holistic Consciousness: Neuroscience and Vedanta Perspectives. New York, NY. Nova Science Publishers; 2012. p. 1-6.  Back to cited text no. 13
    
14.
Panksepp J. Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1998.  Back to cited text no. 14
    
15.
Panksepp J, Biven L. The Archaeology of Mind: Neuroevolutionary Origins of Human Emotions. New York, NY: W. W. Norton and Company; 2012. p. 390-1.  Back to cited text no. 15
    
16.
Marks DF. I am conscious, therefore, I am: Imagery, affect, action, and a general theory of behavior. Brain Sci 2019;9:107.  Back to cited text no. 16
    
17.
Seth A. Neuroscience of Consciousness. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xRel1JKOEbI. [Last accessed on 2021 Oct 19].  Back to cited text no. 17
    
18.
Deshmukh VD, Deshmukh SV. Now and Beyond: A Collection of Poems, Paintings, Photographs and Essays. Bloomington IN: AuthorHouse; 2019. p. 112.  Back to cited text no. 18
    
19.
Feinberg TE, Mallatt J. Phenomenal consciousness and emergence: Eliminating the explanatory gap. Front Psychol 2020;11:1041.  Back to cited text no. 19
    
20.
Solms M. The hard problem of consciousness and the free energy principle. Front Psychol 2018;9:2714.  Back to cited text no. 20
    
21.
Koch C. The Feeling of Life Itself: Why Consciousness is Widespread but Can't Be Computed. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press; 2019. p. 3-10 and 155-67.  Back to cited text no. 21
    
22.
Keppler J. The common basis of memory and consciousness: Understanding the brain as a write–read head interacting with an omnipresent background field. Front Psychol 2020;10:2968.  Back to cited text no. 22
    
23.
Keppler J, Shani I. Cosmopsychism and consciousness research: A fresh view on the causal mechanisms underlying phenomenal states. Front Psychol 2020;11:371.  Back to cited text no. 23
    
24.
Mashour GA, Roelfsema P, Changeux JP, Dehaene S. Conscious processing and the global neuronal workspace hypothesis. Neuron 2020;105:776-98.  Back to cited text no. 24
    
25.
Pintimalli A, Di Giuseppe T, Serantoni G, Glicksohn J, Ben-Soussan TD. Dynamics of the sphere model of consciousness: Silence, space, and self. Front Psychol 2020;11:548813.  Back to cited text no. 25
    
26.
Fischer-Schreiber I, Ehrhard FK, Friedrichs K, Diener MS. The Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy and Religion: Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism and Zen. Boston, MA: Shambhala Press; 1989. p. 248-50.  Back to cited text no. 26
    
27.
Deshmukh VD. Vedic psychology: A science of wisdom. J Altern Med Res 2011;3:29-43.  Back to cited text no. 27
    
28.
Deshmukh VD. Chapter 5: The neurophilosophy of meditation. In Telles S, Gupta RK, editors. Handbook of Research on Evidence-Based Perspectives on the Psychophysiology of Yoga and its Applications. Hershey, PA: IGI Global; 2021. p. 72-84.  Back to cited text no. 28
    
29.
Chopra R, Nebhrajani VA, Tripathi SS, Rao GN. The principles and practice of contemplation for holistic well-being. Int J Yoga Philosop Psychol Parapsychol 2021;9:16-22.  Back to cited text no. 29
    
30.
Nagendra HR. Prana: The functional basis of life. Int J Yoga Philosop Psychol Parapsychol 2021;9:1-2.  Back to cited text no. 30
    
31.
Travis FT. Consciousness is primary: Science of consciousness for the 21st century. Int J Psychol Stud 2021;13:1-11.  Back to cited text no. 31
    
32.
Deshmukh VD. Turiya: The fourth state of consciousness and the STEP model of self-consciousness. J Interdiscip Crossroads 2004;1:551-60.  Back to cited text no. 32
    
33.
Mills PJ, Barsotti TJ, Blackstone J, Chopra D, Josipovic Z. Nondual awareness and the whole person. Glob Adv Health Med 2020;9:1-4.  Back to cited text no. 33
    
34.
Srinivasan N. Consciousness without content: A look at evidence and prospects. Front Psychol 2020;11:1992.  Back to cited text no. 34
    
35.
Adi S. In: Parthasarathy A, Deshmukh VD, editors. Atmabodha: Knowledge of Self. Mumbai, India: Vedanta Life Institute; 1971. p. 104.  Back to cited text no. 35
    



 
 
    Tables

  [Table 1], [Table 2]


This article has been cited by
1 The transparent mind and the peaceful self: Neuroscience and vedanta perspectives
VinodD Deshmukh
Journal of Applied Consciousness Studies. 2022; 10(1): 2
[Pubmed] | [DOI]



 

Top
 
 
  Search
 
Similar in PUBMED
   Search Pubmed for
   Search in Google Scholar for
 Related articles
Access Statistics
Email Alert *
Add to My List *
* Registration required (free)

 
  In this article
   Abstract
  Introduction
   Homeodynamic Bio...
   Homeodynamic Bio...
   Nirvana, Samadhi...
   References
   Article Tables

 Article Access Statistics
    Viewed7815    
    Printed566    
    Emailed0    
    PDF Downloaded624    
    Comments [Add]    
    Cited by others 1    

Recommend this journal


[TAG2]
[TAG3]
[TAG4]